CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS


Cholinergic antagonists are the agents which act on ganglionic terminations of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems and at the neuromuscular junction of the voluntary nervous system.)The useful results from blocking the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine are :



 l. Mydriatic effect (dilation of pupil of the eye).
2. Cycloplegia (a paralysis of the ciliary structure of the 1 eye).
3. Antispasmodic effect (lowered tone and motility of the gastrointestinal tract and the genitourinary tract).
4. Antisecretory effect (reduction of salivation, reduced perspiration, and reduced acid and gastric secretion).



The cholinergic or parasympathetic blocking agents include atropine and related tropane alkaloids obtained from the plants Atropa belladonna, Atropa acuminata, Hyoscyamus niger, Scopolia carniolica and Datura stramonium and synthetic or semisynthetic atropine substitutes. These drugs in therapeutic doses predominantly block the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine.




Solanaceous Alkaloids

A number of tropine alkaloids having marked physiological activity are found indifferent organs of Solanaceous plants such as belladonna, hyoscyamus, stramonium and datura. These alkaloids are derivatives of tropine which is a cyclic compound containing the fused carbon-nitrogen skeletons of pyrrolidine and piperidine. Chemically these alkaloids are tertiary bases and possess a secondary alcohol. These are esters of the bicyclic aminoalcohol, 3-hydroxytropane, or of related aminoalcohols.




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