Organic chemistry

ΒΙΟΤΙΝ Brand Names : Vitamin H; Coenzyme R; Bios II; Bioepiderm; Anti-Egg white injury Factor; S/Skin Factor. Biotin is the growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cells. It plays an indispensable role in numerous naturally occurring carboxylation reactions. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides. The richest sources are liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast and milk. The biotin content of cancerous tumors is higher than that of normal tissue. Biotin combines with the proteinaceous substance, avidin, in egg-white and becomes inactive. Biotin, m.p. 232-233°, is a white, crystalline powder which is very slightly soluble in water and in alcohol; insoluble in other common organic solvents; more soluble in hot water and in dilute alkali. The pure compound is stable to air and temperature; moderately acid and neutral solutions are stable for several months; alkaline solutions are less stable. Aqueous solutions are very susceptible to mold growth . Biotin ...

WARFARIN Brand Names : Compound 42; WARF compound-42; Athrombine-K; Coumadin. Warfarin, m.p. 161°, is a crystalline compound soluble in acetone and dioxane; moderately soluble in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and some oils; freely soluble in alkaline aqueous solutions, practically insoluble in water, benzene, and cyclohexane. Warfarin has an acidic enol which forms metallic salts and an acetate, m.p. l l 7-l 18°, and a ketone which forms an oxime, m.p. 182-183°, and a 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazone; stored in well-closed containers and protected from light. Warfarin sodium (Brand Names : Marevan; Prothromadin; Tintorane: Warfilone: Waran) is slightly bitter, white odourless amorphous or crystalline powder. It is decolourized by light; freely soluble in water and alcohol; very slightly soluble in chloroform and ether. Uses: Warfarin is an anticoagulant which depresses the hepatic vitamin K-dependent synthesis. It is used in the prevention and management of deep-vein thrombos...

VITAMINS Vitamins are organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for normal growth various metabolic processes and maintenance of life in animals, including man. They do not provide energy and are not utitized as building units of the body. As metabolic regulators, vitamins act as redox agents, e.g., vitamins A.C.E.K. and niacin; they act as coenzymes or enzyme activators, e.g., vitamins B, B, B, B, and D; they also act as nuclear agents, e.g., biotin, folic acid. Some vitamins combine two or more of these activities. Vitamins are not synthesized in the body, or are synthesized in small quantities. When the natural supply of vitamins is lacking due to inadequate diet and increased requirements such as during pregnancy, then a number of deficiency diseases occur. Thus, vitamins are used clinically for the prevention and treatment of specific vitamin deficiency states. Excessive intakes of most water-soluble vitamins have little effect due to their rapid excretion in u...

VITAMINE – E Brand Names : o-Tocopherol; 5,7,8-Trimethyltocol; Antisterility Vitamin; Eprolin-S; Epsilan; Ephynal; Syntopherol; E-Vimin; Evipherol: Etavit; Phytogermine; Esorb; Profecundin; Tokopharm; Viteolin; Vascuals; Covitol; Evion. Vitamin E, m.p. 2-4°, b.p. 200-22O, contains various forms of a-tocopherol. It is present in highest concentrations (0.1- 0.3%) in wheat germ, corn, sunflower seed, rape seed, soyabean oils, alfalfa and lettuce. Natural O-tocopherol is usually found with B-and Y-tocopherols. It is a clear, slightly greenish-yellow, odourless, viscous oily liquid. It is practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, acetone, chloroform, ether and fixed oils. They are stable to heat in the absence of oxygen, stable to strong acids and visible light, but unstable to UV light, alkalies and oxidation. The tocopherols are antioxidants, but they are destroyed by rancid fats. The esters of the tocopherols are more stable than the free alcohols. Vitamin E...

VITAMIN                         -   D2, Brand Names : Calciferol; Ergocalciferol, OleOvitamin D. Activated ergosterol; Viosterol; Drisdol; D-Tracetten; Divit urto; Ostelin: Condol; Ergorone; Davitin; Metadee; Mina D,; Mulsiferol; Mykostin; Radsterin; Shock-Ferol; Dee-Ron; Decaps; Deltalin: De-Rat concentrate; Deratol; Hi-Deratol; Detalup; Diactol; Doral: Vio-D; Ertron; Infron; Radiostol; Sterogyl; Fortodyll. Vitamin D, is formed by exposing ergosterol to ultraviolet irradiation or other energy. It may be prepared from ergosterol by UV irradiation in a suitable solvent. It occurs as a white, odourless, crystalline compound that is soluble in fats, alcohol and usual organic solvents, but is insoluble in water, m.p. 115-118°. It is oxidized slowly in oils by oxygen of the air. It is an antirachitic vitamin.

VITAMIN – D3 Brand Names : Activated 7-dehydrocholesterol; Oleovitamin D: Cholecalciferol; Colecalciferol; CC; Duphafral D, 1000; Delsterol: Deparal; Ebivit; Micro-Dee; Neo Dohyfral D; Provitina; Ricketon; Trivitan, D, -Vicotrat; Vi-De-3-hydrosol; Vigantol; Vigorsan. Vitamin D3, is the naturally occurring form of vitamin D. It is produced from 7-dehydrocholestrol, a sterol present in mammalian skin, by ultraviolet irradiation. It mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism and probably muscle activity. Vitamin D3. m.p. 84-85°, is a white, odourless crystalline compound which is sensitive to air and light. It is practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, acetone, chloroform and ether; soluble in fixed oil. Solutions in volatile solvents are unstable and should be used immediately. It is oxidized and inactivated by moist air within few days. It is an antirachitic vitamin. Vitamin D3, is stored at a temperature of 2 to 8° in hermetical...

Vitamin A2 Vitamin A2, ( Brand Names : Retinol 2; 3,4-Didehydroretino Dehydroretinol); all trans, m.p. 17-19; 13-cis, m.p. 73-74°. is found in marine fishes of the family Labridae and in turtles. It exhibits chemical, physical and biological properties identical to vitamin A Vitamin A2 has about 40 per cent of the bioactivity of crystalline vitamin A

VITAMIN      -  K1 Brand Names : 3-Phytylmenadione; Phytomenadione; Phytonadione; Phylloquinone; Antihemorrhagic vitamin; K-ject; Konakion; Mephyton; Mono-kay. Vitamin K1 occurs naturally as the trans isomer. It was first isolated from alfalfa and is widely distributed in higher green plants. It is a clear, deep yellow to amber, very viscous, odourless oil which is stable in air but decomposes on exposure to light. It is practically insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, freely soluble in chloroform, ether, and fixed oil. Vitamin K, is stable to air and moisture, but decomposed in sunlight. It is unaffected by dilute acids, but is destroyed by solutions ofalkali hydroxides and by reducing agents. It is stored in airtight containers and protected from light.

VITAMIN  K 5 Its hydrochloride, m.p. 280-282° (decomp), is freely soluble in water; slightly NH2 soluble in alcohol and insoluble in ether. It turns pink to dark violet on exposure to air and light. It is an antihaemorrhagic vitamin. Uses: Vitamin K is an essential cofactor in hepatic synthesis of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors. Vitamin K deficiency leads to a state in which the clotting time of the blood is prolonged and spontaneous bleeding can occur.

VITAMIN    -   D The term vitamin D is used for a range of closely related sterol compounds which possess the property of preventing or curing rickets. These include alfa calcidol, calcifediol, calcitriol cholecalciferol, dihydrotachysterol and ergocalciferol.

VITAMIN    K2 Brand Names: Menaquinones. Vitamin K2  are antihaemorrhagic vitamins possessing   ide chains varying in length from C to C which have been isolated from gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic and facultative nonphotosynthetic gram-negative bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria and from putrefied fish meal. Vitamin K is a yellow, crystalline solid.

Veratrum viride : Veratrum viride : Brand Names : American hellebore; Green hellebore; American veratrum; Indian poke. It is the dried rhizome and roots of Vera trum uiride (Fam. Liliaceae) found in North America. It contains-the-alkaloids jervine, pseudojervine; rubijervine; cevadine; germitrine: germidine; veratralbine and veratroidine. It is used as an antihypertensive agent The mixture of alkaloids from V. uiride is known as Alkavervir. It is a light-yellow powder; practically soluble in water but freely soluble in alcohol. It is given orally or by injection. The mixture of alkaloids from V. uiride used as the tannate and the acetate salts is known as Cruptenamine. The acetate salts are more water-soluble and are used in parenteral solutions. Cryptenamine tannates are a tan powder, slightly soluble in water but highly soluble in alcohol.

VERATRUM ALKALOIDS Veratrum alkaloids are found in roots and rhizomes of Veratrum viride and Veratrum album. The alkaloids have a complex polycyclic skeleton containing amino groups. The free alkaloids are soluble in organic solvents but practically insoluble in water. Their salts are water soluble and stable at room temperature to light and air in solution.

UREA Brand Names : Carbamide, Carbonyldiamide; Aquacare; Aquadrate; Basodexàn; - Kerainamin; Nutraplus; Pastaron; Ureaphil; Ureophil; Urepearl. Urea is a product of protein metabolism. It is present in human urine in about 3 per cent amount. In laboratory urea is prepared by evaporating a solution of ammonium cyanate to dryness when nearly 95% of ammonium cyanate is converted into urea. Urea is also prepared from cyanamide by hydrolysis and from carbon dioxide by ammonolysis. One mole of carbon dioxide reacts with two moles of ammonia to yield ammonium carbamate. The carbamate then decomposes to form urea and Water. Urea is also prepared from ammonia, carbon monoxide and sulphur in methanol . Urea, m.p. 132-133°, occurs as colourless, transparent, slightly hygroscopic, odourless, prismatic crystals or white crystalline powder or pellets with cooling saline taste. It may gradually develop a slight odour of ammonia on prolonged standing. It is soluble in water, alcoho...

UNDECYLENIC ACID Brand Names : Declid; Renselin; Sevinon; Acidum; Undecylenicum. It consists mainly of undec-10-enoic acid and occurs in Sweat. t is prepared by vaccum distillation of castor oil in which pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid takes place. It occurs as a colourless or pale yellow clear liquid or a white to pale yellow crystalline mass with a characteristic odour like perspiration and a bitter or acrid taste. Undecenoic acid is practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether and fixed and volatile oils; m.p. 24.5°. It is stored in airtight containers at a temperature of 8 to 15°; protected from light. Zinc Undecylenate : It is a fine white powder; practically insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether, m.p. 115-116°. It can be prepared by dissolving zinc oxide in dilute undecylenic acid and concentrating the solution. It is stored in well-closed containers and protected from light. Uses:  Undecenoic acid and its zinc salt ar...

ΤHIOTHIXENE Brand Names : Tiotixene; Navane; Navaron (Obsolete); Orbinamon. Thiothixene is a white to tan-coloured, almost odourless crystalline powder, cis-isomer m.p. 147-149; trans-isomer, m.p. 123-1259; cis-trans-isomer mixture, m.p. 114-118°. It is practically insoluble in water; soluble in dehydrated alcohol (l in 110) chloroform ( 1 in 2 ) and ether ( 1 in 20 ) slightly soluble in acetone and in methyl alcohol; stored in airtight containers and protected from light. Thiothixene hydrochloride (Brand Names : CP-12252-l; Tiotixene hydrochloride) occurs as white crystalline powder with a slight odour; )soluble in water (1 in 8), alcohol and chloroform; practically insoluble in acetone and ether; stored in airtight containers and protected from light Uses : Thiothixene is a thioxanthene with general properties similar to those of chlorpromazine.

TROPICAMIDE Brand Names : Bistropamide; Mydriacyl. Tropicamide m. p. 96-97°, is a synthetic derivative of the amide of tropic acid. It is a white, odourless, crystalline powder, - slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and chloroform; freely soluble in solutions of strong acids. Solutions for ophthalmic use have a pH of 4.0 and 5.0.Tropicamide is stored in airtight containers and protected from light. Uses : Tropicamide is anticholinergic (ophthalmic), and antimuscarinic agent with actions similar to those of atropine. Its action is more rapid in onset than other mydriatics. Side Effect Side effects of tropicamide and other antimuscarinic agents include dryness of mouth, thirst, dilation of the pupils, flushing and dryness of the skin, bradycardia, reduction of tone, constipation, etc. Sometimes vomiting, giddiness and staggering may occur. Toxic doses cause tachycardia, rapid respiration, hyperpyrexia and CNS stimulation.

TRIPERIDOL Brand Names : Trifluperidol hydrochloride; Psicoperidol hydrochloride; Psychoperidol hydrochloride; R 2498. Triperidol, m.p. 200-2029, a butyrophenone, is a crystalline substance. Uses : Triperidol is a sedative and antipsychotic agent. It controls excitement, agitation, and other psychomotor disturbances. It is used to treat mania and schizophrenia.

TRIMETHOPRIM Brand Names: Monotrim; Proloprim; Syraprim; Tiempe; Trimanyl; Trimopan; Trimpex; Wellcoprim; BW-56-72; NSC-106568; Trimethoprimum; Trimethoxyprim. Trimethoprim is prepared from gaunidine and ß-ethoxy- 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl benzalnitrike. It occurs as white to cream,odourless, bitter crystalline powder, m.p. 199-2039. It is very slightly soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol, methanol and acetone; soluble in acetone (l in 55) and benzyl alcohol; practically insoluble in ether and carbon tetrachloride. It is stored in airtight containers and protected from light. Uses : Trimethoprim is an antibactrial agent used for the treatmentofinfections due to sensitive organisms like infections of the urinary and respiratory tracts. It has been used in conjunction with sulphonamides in the treatment of chloroquineresistant malaria but has not achieved wide acceptance. Side effects include pruritus, skin rash, fever, nausea, vomiting, and sore mouth.

TRIMETHADIONE Trimethadione, m.p. 46-47, is a colourless or white granular crystalline substance with a slightly camphoraceous odour. It is soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform and ether. It is stored in airtight containers and protected from light. The pH of a 5% solution is about 6.0. Uses : Trimethadione is an antiepileptic agent used in the treatment of petit mal seizures. Because of its potential toxicity Side Effect Common side effects of trimethadione therapy are drowsiness, photophobia, hemeralopia, nausea, vomiting, gastric distress, abdominal pain, weight loss, hiccups, malaise, insomnia, vertigo, headache, alopecia, etc.