Organic chemistry

ΒΙΟΤΙΝ Brand Names : Vitamin H; Coenzyme R; Bios II; Bioepiderm; Anti-Egg white injury Factor; S/Skin Factor. Biotin is the growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cells. It plays an indispensable role in numerous naturally occurring carboxylation reactions. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides. The richest sources are liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast and milk. The biotin content of cancerous tumors is higher than that of normal tissue. Biotin combines with the proteinaceous substance, avidin, in egg-white and becomes inactive. Biotin, m.p. 232-233°, is a white, crystalline powder which is very slightly soluble in water and in alcohol; insoluble in other common organic solvents; more soluble in hot water and in dilute alkali. The pure compound is stable to air and temperature; moderately acid and neutral solutions are stable for several months; alkaline solutions are less stable. Aqueous solutions are very susceptible to mold growth . Biotin ...

WARFARIN Brand Names : Compound 42; WARF compound-42; Athrombine-K; Coumadin. Warfarin, m.p. 161°, is a crystalline compound soluble in acetone and dioxane; moderately soluble in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and some oils; freely soluble in alkaline aqueous solutions, practically insoluble in water, benzene, and cyclohexane. Warfarin has an acidic enol which forms metallic salts and an acetate, m.p. l l 7-l 18°, and a ketone which forms an oxime, m.p. 182-183°, and a 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazone; stored in well-closed containers and protected from light. Warfarin sodium (Brand Names : Marevan; Prothromadin; Tintorane: Warfilone: Waran) is slightly bitter, white odourless amorphous or crystalline powder. It is decolourized by light; freely soluble in water and alcohol; very slightly soluble in chloroform and ether. Uses: Warfarin is an anticoagulant which depresses the hepatic vitamin K-dependent synthesis. It is used in the prevention and management of deep-vein thrombos...

VITAMINS Vitamins are organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for normal growth various metabolic processes and maintenance of life in animals, including man. They do not provide energy and are not utitized as building units of the body. As metabolic regulators, vitamins act as redox agents, e.g., vitamins A.C.E.K. and niacin; they act as coenzymes or enzyme activators, e.g., vitamins B, B, B, B, and D; they also act as nuclear agents, e.g., biotin, folic acid. Some vitamins combine two or more of these activities. Vitamins are not synthesized in the body, or are synthesized in small quantities. When the natural supply of vitamins is lacking due to inadequate diet and increased requirements such as during pregnancy, then a number of deficiency diseases occur. Thus, vitamins are used clinically for the prevention and treatment of specific vitamin deficiency states. Excessive intakes of most water-soluble vitamins have little effect due to their rapid excretion in u...

VITAMINE – E Brand Names : o-Tocopherol; 5,7,8-Trimethyltocol; Antisterility Vitamin; Eprolin-S; Epsilan; Ephynal; Syntopherol; E-Vimin; Evipherol: Etavit; Phytogermine; Esorb; Profecundin; Tokopharm; Viteolin; Vascuals; Covitol; Evion. Vitamin E, m.p. 2-4°, b.p. 200-22O, contains various forms of a-tocopherol. It is present in highest concentrations (0.1- 0.3%) in wheat germ, corn, sunflower seed, rape seed, soyabean oils, alfalfa and lettuce. Natural O-tocopherol is usually found with B-and Y-tocopherols. It is a clear, slightly greenish-yellow, odourless, viscous oily liquid. It is practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, acetone, chloroform, ether and fixed oils. They are stable to heat in the absence of oxygen, stable to strong acids and visible light, but unstable to UV light, alkalies and oxidation. The tocopherols are antioxidants, but they are destroyed by rancid fats. The esters of the tocopherols are more stable than the free alcohols. Vitamin E...

VITAMIN                         -   D2, Brand Names : Calciferol; Ergocalciferol, OleOvitamin D. Activated ergosterol; Viosterol; Drisdol; D-Tracetten; Divit urto; Ostelin: Condol; Ergorone; Davitin; Metadee; Mina D,; Mulsiferol; Mykostin; Radsterin; Shock-Ferol; Dee-Ron; Decaps; Deltalin: De-Rat concentrate; Deratol; Hi-Deratol; Detalup; Diactol; Doral: Vio-D; Ertron; Infron; Radiostol; Sterogyl; Fortodyll. Vitamin D, is formed by exposing ergosterol to ultraviolet irradiation or other energy. It may be prepared from ergosterol by UV irradiation in a suitable solvent. It occurs as a white, odourless, crystalline compound that is soluble in fats, alcohol and usual organic solvents, but is insoluble in water, m.p. 115-118°. It is oxidized slowly in oils by oxygen of the air. It is an antirachitic vitamin.

VITAMIN – D3 Brand Names : Activated 7-dehydrocholesterol; Oleovitamin D: Cholecalciferol; Colecalciferol; CC; Duphafral D, 1000; Delsterol: Deparal; Ebivit; Micro-Dee; Neo Dohyfral D; Provitina; Ricketon; Trivitan, D, -Vicotrat; Vi-De-3-hydrosol; Vigantol; Vigorsan. Vitamin D3, is the naturally occurring form of vitamin D. It is produced from 7-dehydrocholestrol, a sterol present in mammalian skin, by ultraviolet irradiation. It mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism and probably muscle activity. Vitamin D3. m.p. 84-85°, is a white, odourless crystalline compound which is sensitive to air and light. It is practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, acetone, chloroform and ether; soluble in fixed oil. Solutions in volatile solvents are unstable and should be used immediately. It is oxidized and inactivated by moist air within few days. It is an antirachitic vitamin. Vitamin D3, is stored at a temperature of 2 to 8° in hermetical...

Vitamin A2 Vitamin A2, ( Brand Names : Retinol 2; 3,4-Didehydroretino Dehydroretinol); all trans, m.p. 17-19; 13-cis, m.p. 73-74°. is found in marine fishes of the family Labridae and in turtles. It exhibits chemical, physical and biological properties identical to vitamin A Vitamin A2 has about 40 per cent of the bioactivity of crystalline vitamin A

VITAMIN      -  K1 Brand Names : 3-Phytylmenadione; Phytomenadione; Phytonadione; Phylloquinone; Antihemorrhagic vitamin; K-ject; Konakion; Mephyton; Mono-kay. Vitamin K1 occurs naturally as the trans isomer. It was first isolated from alfalfa and is widely distributed in higher green plants. It is a clear, deep yellow to amber, very viscous, odourless oil which is stable in air but decomposes on exposure to light. It is practically insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, freely soluble in chloroform, ether, and fixed oil. Vitamin K, is stable to air and moisture, but decomposed in sunlight. It is unaffected by dilute acids, but is destroyed by solutions ofalkali hydroxides and by reducing agents. It is stored in airtight containers and protected from light.

VITAMIN  K 5 Its hydrochloride, m.p. 280-282° (decomp), is freely soluble in water; slightly NH2 soluble in alcohol and insoluble in ether. It turns pink to dark violet on exposure to air and light. It is an antihaemorrhagic vitamin. Uses: Vitamin K is an essential cofactor in hepatic synthesis of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors. Vitamin K deficiency leads to a state in which the clotting time of the blood is prolonged and spontaneous bleeding can occur.

VITAMIN    -   D The term vitamin D is used for a range of closely related sterol compounds which possess the property of preventing or curing rickets. These include alfa calcidol, calcifediol, calcitriol cholecalciferol, dihydrotachysterol and ergocalciferol.

VITAMIN    K2 Brand Names: Menaquinones. Vitamin K2  are antihaemorrhagic vitamins possessing   ide chains varying in length from C to C which have been isolated from gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic and facultative nonphotosynthetic gram-negative bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria and from putrefied fish meal. Vitamin K is a yellow, crystalline solid.

Veratrum viride : Veratrum viride : Brand Names : American hellebore; Green hellebore; American veratrum; Indian poke. It is the dried rhizome and roots of Vera trum uiride (Fam. Liliaceae) found in North America. It contains-the-alkaloids jervine, pseudojervine; rubijervine; cevadine; germitrine: germidine; veratralbine and veratroidine. It is used as an antihypertensive agent The mixture of alkaloids from V. uiride is known as Alkavervir. It is a light-yellow powder; practically soluble in water but freely soluble in alcohol. It is given orally or by injection. The mixture of alkaloids from V. uiride used as the tannate and the acetate salts is known as Cruptenamine. The acetate salts are more water-soluble and are used in parenteral solutions. Cryptenamine tannates are a tan powder, slightly soluble in water but highly soluble in alcohol.

VERATRUM ALKALOIDS Veratrum alkaloids are found in roots and rhizomes of Veratrum viride and Veratrum album. The alkaloids have a complex polycyclic skeleton containing amino groups. The free alkaloids are soluble in organic solvents but practically insoluble in water. Their salts are water soluble and stable at room temperature to light and air in solution.

UREA Brand Names : Carbamide, Carbonyldiamide; Aquacare; Aquadrate; Basodexàn; - Kerainamin; Nutraplus; Pastaron; Ureaphil; Ureophil; Urepearl. Urea is a product of protein metabolism. It is present in human urine in about 3 per cent amount. In laboratory urea is prepared by evaporating a solution of ammonium cyanate to dryness when nearly 95% of ammonium cyanate is converted into urea. Urea is also prepared from cyanamide by hydrolysis and from carbon dioxide by ammonolysis. One mole of carbon dioxide reacts with two moles of ammonia to yield ammonium carbamate. The carbamate then decomposes to form urea and Water. Urea is also prepared from ammonia, carbon monoxide and sulphur in methanol . Urea, m.p. 132-133°, occurs as colourless, transparent, slightly hygroscopic, odourless, prismatic crystals or white crystalline powder or pellets with cooling saline taste. It may gradually develop a slight odour of ammonia on prolonged standing. It is soluble in water, alcoho...

UNDECYLENIC ACID Brand Names : Declid; Renselin; Sevinon; Acidum; Undecylenicum. It consists mainly of undec-10-enoic acid and occurs in Sweat. t is prepared by vaccum distillation of castor oil in which pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid takes place. It occurs as a colourless or pale yellow clear liquid or a white to pale yellow crystalline mass with a characteristic odour like perspiration and a bitter or acrid taste. Undecenoic acid is practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether and fixed and volatile oils; m.p. 24.5°. It is stored in airtight containers at a temperature of 8 to 15°; protected from light. Zinc Undecylenate : It is a fine white powder; practically insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether, m.p. 115-116°. It can be prepared by dissolving zinc oxide in dilute undecylenic acid and concentrating the solution. It is stored in well-closed containers and protected from light. Uses:  Undecenoic acid and its zinc salt ar...

ΤHIOTHIXENE Brand Names : Tiotixene; Navane; Navaron (Obsolete); Orbinamon. Thiothixene is a white to tan-coloured, almost odourless crystalline powder, cis-isomer m.p. 147-149; trans-isomer, m.p. 123-1259; cis-trans-isomer mixture, m.p. 114-118°. It is practically insoluble in water; soluble in dehydrated alcohol (l in 110) chloroform ( 1 in 2 ) and ether ( 1 in 20 ) slightly soluble in acetone and in methyl alcohol; stored in airtight containers and protected from light. Thiothixene hydrochloride (Brand Names : CP-12252-l; Tiotixene hydrochloride) occurs as white crystalline powder with a slight odour; )soluble in water (1 in 8), alcohol and chloroform; practically insoluble in acetone and ether; stored in airtight containers and protected from light Uses : Thiothixene is a thioxanthene with general properties similar to those of chlorpromazine.

TROPICAMIDE Brand Names : Bistropamide; Mydriacyl. Tropicamide m. p. 96-97°, is a synthetic derivative of the amide of tropic acid. It is a white, odourless, crystalline powder, - slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and chloroform; freely soluble in solutions of strong acids. Solutions for ophthalmic use have a pH of 4.0 and 5.0.Tropicamide is stored in airtight containers and protected from light. Uses : Tropicamide is anticholinergic (ophthalmic), and antimuscarinic agent with actions similar to those of atropine. Its action is more rapid in onset than other mydriatics. Side Effect Side effects of tropicamide and other antimuscarinic agents include dryness of mouth, thirst, dilation of the pupils, flushing and dryness of the skin, bradycardia, reduction of tone, constipation, etc. Sometimes vomiting, giddiness and staggering may occur. Toxic doses cause tachycardia, rapid respiration, hyperpyrexia and CNS stimulation.

TRIPERIDOL Brand Names : Trifluperidol hydrochloride; Psicoperidol hydrochloride; Psychoperidol hydrochloride; R 2498. Triperidol, m.p. 200-2029, a butyrophenone, is a crystalline substance. Uses : Triperidol is a sedative and antipsychotic agent. It controls excitement, agitation, and other psychomotor disturbances. It is used to treat mania and schizophrenia.

TRIMETHOPRIM Brand Names: Monotrim; Proloprim; Syraprim; Tiempe; Trimanyl; Trimopan; Trimpex; Wellcoprim; BW-56-72; NSC-106568; Trimethoprimum; Trimethoxyprim. Trimethoprim is prepared from gaunidine and ß-ethoxy- 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl benzalnitrike. It occurs as white to cream,odourless, bitter crystalline powder, m.p. 199-2039. It is very slightly soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol, methanol and acetone; soluble in acetone (l in 55) and benzyl alcohol; practically insoluble in ether and carbon tetrachloride. It is stored in airtight containers and protected from light. Uses : Trimethoprim is an antibactrial agent used for the treatmentofinfections due to sensitive organisms like infections of the urinary and respiratory tracts. It has been used in conjunction with sulphonamides in the treatment of chloroquineresistant malaria but has not achieved wide acceptance. Side effects include pruritus, skin rash, fever, nausea, vomiting, and sore mouth.

TRIMETHADIONE Trimethadione, m.p. 46-47, is a colourless or white granular crystalline substance with a slightly camphoraceous odour. It is soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform and ether. It is stored in airtight containers and protected from light. The pH of a 5% solution is about 6.0. Uses : Trimethadione is an antiepileptic agent used in the treatment of petit mal seizures. Because of its potential toxicity Side Effect Common side effects of trimethadione therapy are drowsiness, photophobia, hemeralopia, nausea, vomiting, gastric distress, abdominal pain, weight loss, hiccups, malaise, insomnia, vertigo, headache, alopecia, etc.

TRIFLUOPERAZINE Trifluoperazine has the side-chain at position 10 as prochlor-perazine. It is synthesized by condensation of the same chloro-amine with 2- trifluoromethylphenothiazine which is prepared by cyclization of 3-trifluoromethyldiphenylamine with sulphur. It has a piperazine side-chain. Free base-has b.p. 202-210. Trifluoperazine hydrochloride (Brand Names : Trifta zin, Triphthazine; latroneural; Jatroneural: Eskazinyl; Eskazine; Modalina; Stelazine; Terfluzine; Triflurin It is a cream coloured, fine, odourless, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline powder, m.p. 242-2439. It is freely soluble in water; insoluble in dilute base, ether and benzene; stroed in airtight containers and protected from light. Uses: Trifluoperazine is a phenothiazine with actions, uses and adverse effects similar to those of chlorpromazine.

TRICLOFOS-SODIUM Brand Names : Sch-10159; Sodium Trichlofos; Trichloryl; Tricloryl; Triclos. This salt of an ester is prepared by esterification of trichloroethanol with orthophosphoric acid by heating at 100° for Ho six hours. The mixture is cooled, diluted, and the triclofos extracted with an organic solvent. Extraction of the organic phase with sodium hydroxide solution furnishes an aqueous solution of triclofos sodium. The compound is crystallized on addition of acetone. Triclofos sodium is a white, odourless, hygroscopic powder. It is soluble in water (1 in 2); slightly soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble in ether; stored in airtight containers. A2% solution in water has a pH of 3.0 to 4.5. Aqueous solutions slowly decompose, liberating chloride and phosphate ions. Uses Triclofos sodium has hypnotic and sedative action similar to chloral hydrate. It is not corrosive to skin and mucous membranes.

TRICHLOROETHYLENE. Brand Nanes : Tri-Clene; Trielene; Trilene; Trichloran; Trichloren; Algylen; Trimar; Triline: Tri; Trethylene: Westrosol; Chlorylen; Gemalgene; Trichloroethylene is usually prepared – (a) from sym-tetrachloroethane by elimination of hydrochloric acid (by boiling with lime);  (b) by passing tetrachloroethane vapour over calcium chloride catalyst at 300° or without catalyst at 450*- 47O*, and (c) by treating acetylene with chlorine in the presence of calcium oxide. Trichloroethylene is a clear, colourless or pale blue, nonflammable, mobile liquid, b.p. 889, with peculiar odour resembling that of chloroform. It is practically insoluble in water; miscible with ether, alcohol and chloroform, most of fixed and volatile oils. It is slowly decomposed by light in the presence of moisture with formation of HCl. Trichloroethylene for medicinal purposes may contain somethymoland ammonium carbonate (about 100 mg/100 ml) as a stabilizer. Uses : Trichloroe...

TRANYLCYPROMINE SULPHATE Brand Names : SKF trans-385; Parnitene sulphate; Parnate; Tylciprine. This cyclopropane derivative is prepared from styrene and ethyl diazoacetate which yields ethyl 2-phenylcyclo- 6 propane carboxylate. Hydrolysis of the carboxylate forms a mixture of cis and trans - 2-phenylcyclopropane carboxylic acid which produced respective acid chlorides with thionyl chloride. Treatment with sodium azide in boiling toluene followed by hydrolysis of the isocyanate (Curtius reaction) gives the desired compound. Tranylcypromine sulphate occurs as a white crystalline powder; odourless or with a faint odour of cinnamaldehyde. It is soluble in water (1 in 20); very slightly soluble in alcohol and in ether; practically insoluble in chloroform; stored in well-closed containers. Uses It is used in the treatment ofneurotic ora typical depression.

TRANOUILLIZERS Some drugs are used to treat psychiatric disorders, i.e.abnormalities of mental funtion . These drugs are known as psychotropic drugs or psychoactive drugs. The drugs which induces a mental state free from agitation and anxiety and renders the patient calm and peaceful are termed as tranquilizers. Anti-psychotic drugs are used to treat psychoses like schizophrenia, mania, senile dementia and behaviour disorders in children. Tranquilizing agents exerta unique type of selective central nervous depression. They act differently from the barbiturates and other sedatives which act by producing a general central nervous system depression. They give strong sedation without producing sleep and produce a state of indifference and disinterest. They are effective in reducing excitation, agitation, aggressiveness and impulsiveness which are not controlled by the ordinary sedative-hypnotics and central relaxants. - The Rauwolfia alkaloids, benzoquinone derivatives (benz...

TOLNAFTATE Brand Names : Naphthiomate T: Sch 10144; Aftate; Chinofungin; Focusan; Hi-Alazin; Sporiline; Tinactin; Tinaderm; Tonofal. Tolnaftate is an O-ester of O thiocarbanilic acid; the carbanilic acid being phenylcarbamic acid. It is a white to creamy-white fine powder, odourless or with a slight odour, m.p. 110-112°: practically insoluble in water; sparingly soluble in methanol and ethanol; soluble in chloroform. acetone and carbon tetrachloride; stored in airtight containers. Uses : Tolnaftate is an antifungal agent used topically as a 1% solution, powder, or cream in the treatment of tinea infections and of pityriasis versicolour. It is used with nystatin when candidal infections are present. Side Effect Skin reactions including irritation and pruritus may occur; contact dermatitis has been reported.

TOLIBUTAMIDE - Brand Names : D 86O; U 2043; Dia betamid; Diasulfon; Glyconon; Orinase; Rastinon; Diabuton; Mobenol; Oterben; Toluina; Diaben; Diabesan; Ipoglicone; Orabet; Oralin; Artosin; Dolipol; Tolbet; Tarasina; Tolbusal; Pramidex; Tolbutone;Wilbutamide. Tolbutamide, m.p. 128-130°, is a white, odourless, crystalline powder which is practically insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, acetone, chloroform and dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides; slightly soluble in ether; stored in airtight containers. Uses : Tolbutamide has actions, uses and side effects similar to those of chlorpropamide. The duration of action is about 10 hours. Tolbutamide sodium is used intravenously for the diagnosis of mild diabetes mellitus and of functioning pancreatic islet cell adenomas.

THYROXINE Thyroxine is a tetraiodoamino acid of the thyroid gland and exerts à stimulatingeffecton metabolism. Its naturaloccurrence in the free state has not been reported. It may be a cleavage product of thyroglobulin. The L-form is twice as active physiologically as the racemic product; the D-form has very less activity. For the synthesis of thyroxine, L-tyrosine is nitrated, the nitro-derivative is acetylated at the amino group, followed by esterification. For the synthesis of 4-methoxyphenyl ether, toluene-4-sulphonyl ester is prepared using tosyl chloride and the ester reacts with 4-methoxyphenol in pyridine to form the desired ether. The nitro groups are reduced, the di-amino tetrazotized, and the tetrazonium salt reacted with iodine in sodium iodide solution to yield the diiodo derivative. Chemical reduction with a mixture of hydriodic acid, red phosphorus and glacial acetic acid produces L-3,5-diiodothyronine, which on iodination in ethylamine gives L-thyroxine. DL...

THYROXINE AND ANTI-THYROIDS Thyroid gland removes inorganic iodides from the blood plasma and produces two active hormones called thyroxine and triiodothyronine (liothyronine). Their production is dependent on the adequate supply of iodine from the blood plasma to the gland. These hormones are the amino acids and stored as thyroglobulin in the follicular colloid. Deficiency of thyroid hormones, called hypothyroidism or myxo-edema, reduces all the metabolic processes of the body and affects growth, development and mental retardation. Excessive secretion of thyroid hormones produces hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis or Grave's disease) characterized by increased metabolic rate, increase in heart rate and general state of anxiety and restlessness. Anti-thyroid drugs reduce the production of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine.YThey are used to treat thyrotoxicosis and given prior to surgical removal of thyroid gland. The most useful drugs are 2-thiouracil derivatives and 2-thioimi...

THROMBIN Thrombin is an enzyme. serine proteinase. present in blood plasma in the form of a precursor. prothrombin. Its molecular weight is about 33,580. It plays a central part in the mechanism of blood coagulation by converting the soluble plasma protein, fibrinogen, into insoluble fibrin. Bovine thrombin consists of two polypeptide chains, designated as A and B. The Achain has 49 amino acid residues. It is bound by a disulphide bridge to the B chain which contains about 265 residues and carbohydrate. The prothrombinfraction is prepared by a suitable fractionation technique. The prothrombin is converted into thrombin in solution by the addition of calcium ions and thromboplastin. Thrombin is a white or greyish, amorphous substance. Uses: Thrombin is a local haemostatic used topically to control haemorrhage from puncture sites or from capillary oozing in surgery.

THIOPENTAL SODIUM Brand Names : Thiomebunal sodium; Penthiobarbital sodium; - Thiopentone sodium, Thionembutal; Pentothal sodium; Nesdonal sodium; Intraval sodium; Trapanal; Thiothal sodium; Thiopental sodium is a white to yellowish-white, hygroscopic powder with alliaceous, garlic-like odour. It is soluble in water (l in 1.5); partly soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble in ether and petroleum ether. Aqueous solutions are alkaline to litmus. Solutions decompose on standing; on boiling precipitation occurs. The drug is stored in airtight containers and protected from light. Uses : Thiopentone sodium is administered intravenously for the induction of anaesthesia and for hypnosis. Adverse Effect Coughing, sneezing, laryngeal spasm or bronchiospasm may occur as side

THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand Names: Vitamin B; Bedome; Begiolan; Benerva; Bequin; Berin; Betabion; Betalin S; Betaxin; Bethiazine; Bevitex; Bewon; Biuno; Bivatin; Bivita; Clotiamina; Metabolin; Thiadoxine; Thiavit; Tiamidon; Tiaminal; Vitaneuron. Thiamine hydrochloride is a colourless crystalline powder with a faint characteristic thiazole odour; m.p. 248 (decomp). It is soluble in water and glycerol; practically insoluble in chloroform, ether and benzene. On exposure to air, the vitamin absorbs an amount of water forming a hydrate. The article of commerce contains about 4% water which is removable by drying at 100'. In the dry form the vitamin is stable, and heating at 100° for 24 hours does not diminish its potency. In aqueous solution it can . be sterilized at 110°, but if the pH of the solution is above 5.5, it is destroyed rapidly. One gram of crystalline vitamin B hydrochloride is equivalent to 333,00 I.U. The vitamin is destroyed by alkalies and alkaline drug...

THIAMBUTOSINE Brand Names : DPT: Su-1906; Ciba-1906. This thiourea derivative is a phenolic ether and also a tertiary aromatic amine. For its synthesis, the phenolic ether intermediate, 4-butoxyaniline is prepared from 4-aminophenoi. The other intermediate, 4-dimethylaminophenyl isothiocyanate, is synthesized by catalytic reduction of methyl orange, converting the resulting substituted diamine into an ammonium N-aryl dithiocarbamate by means of carbon disulphide and ammonium hydroxide and then heating with lead nitrate to obtain the required isothiocyanate. Reaction of the two intermediates yields thiambutosine. It is a white powder, almost insoluble in v/ e treatment Uses it is used in t of lepresy in the form of injection and tableTS

THIACETAZONE Brand Names: Thibone, Thioacetazone; TbI/698, Amithiozone; Sdt 1041; RP 42O7; Conteben; Thizone; Norakol: Thionicid: Domakol; Aktivan; Ambathizone; Seroden; Benthiozone: Berkazon; Diasan; Ilbion; Tebalon; Siocarbazone; Tibicur: Thiomicid; Tibion; Tibione; Tebethion; Panrone; Thioparamizone; Myvizone; Thiobicina; Tubercazon; Berculon; Antib; Neustab; Nuclon, Argentinian; Livazone; Benzothiozon; Parazone; Tebezon: Thiotebezin; Thiocarbazil; Thiocarone; Thiosecolo. It forms minute , pale yellow crystals from alcohol . Taste is bitter, m.p. 225-230 (dec); darkens on exposure to light. It is soluble in hot alcohol; very sparingly soluble in cold alcohol; insoluble in ter, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, carbon disulphide and petroleum ether. Uses : Thiacetazone is used in the primary treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with isoniazid supplemented in the initial phase of treatment, with streptomycin. It is also used in the treatment of leprosy...

THEOPHYLLINE Brand Names : Afonilum; Armophylline, Bronchoretard; Accurbron; Bronkodyl; Elixicon; Labid; Physpan; Rona-Phyllin; Sko-Phyllin; Sustaire; Theall tabl; Theocap; Theoclear; Theocontin; Theo-Dur; Theocin; Theolair; Theophyl-SR; Theolix; Theograd; Theosol; Theostat; Theovent; Uniphyllin. Theophylline has stronger diuretic properties than caffeine. It occurs in small amounts in tea. For its preparation l, 3, 7,8-tetramethylxanthine is first obtained from uric acid which is chlorinated to produce tetrachloro-derivativeby substitution in the methyl groups in positions 7 and 8. This compound is converted theophylline by heating with alkalies in which elimination of HCHO from a hydroxymethylamino-N (CH, OH)-) group takes place. Theophylline is also prepared from the product of the condensation of dimethylurea with cyanoacetic acid. Theophylline, m.p. 270-274°, is a white, odourless, crystalline powder; soluble in alcohol (1 in 80); slightly soluble in water,...

Tetracyclines The tetracyclines are a group of actinomycete antibiotics tha have a broad spectrum and considerable therapeutic utility. Seven such compounds-tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, methacycline, doxycycline and rolitetracycline are used as medicine.  The tetracyclines are obtained by fermentation procedures tetracy from Streptomyces species or by chemical transformations of the natural products. The important members of the group are cline derivatives of an octahydronaphthacene, a hydrocarbon that is consisted of a system of four fused rings (named tetracycline) .The first of these compounds, chlortetracycline, was introduced in 1948. Two years later oxytetracycline was obtained.  The tetracyclines were found to be highly effective against rickettsiae, a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria some of the large viruses , some intestinal amoebae and the agents responsible for lympho-granuloma , conjunctivitis an...

TETRACYCLINE Brand Names : Deschlorobiomycin; Tsiklomitsin; Amtet; Abricycline; Achromycin; Agromicina; Ambramicina; Ambramycin; Bio-Tetra; Bristacycline, Bristaciclina; Cefracycline suspension; Centet; Criseociclina. Cyclomycin; Cyclopar; Democracin; Deltamycin Desamycin; Duratet; G-Mycin, Maytrex; M-Tetra; Hostacyclin; Omegamycin; Panmycin; Nor-Tet; Paltet: Partrex. Piracaps; Polycycline; Purocyclina; Retet; Robitet; Sanclomycine; Steclin; Sumycin; Tet; Teline; Tetra-Bid; Tetrabon; Tetracyn; Tetradecin; Tetraciclina; Tetracyclinum, Tetra-C: TetraCo: Tetracap: Tetrachel; Tetralan; Tetram: Tri-Tet; Phosphate Complex; Tetrex. Tetracycline is the least expensive and most commonly used tetracycline antibiotic. It is a bright-yellow, odourless, crystalline salt, m.p. 170-175 (swells at 165°). It darkens in strong sunlight in moist atmosphere, but is stable in air, neutral and alkaline solutions and in acid solutions having a pH higher than 2. It is soluble in water (1 in 2500), a...

TETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand Names : Achro; Achromycin V: Ala Tet; Ambracyn; Artomycin; Cefracycline tablets; Cyclopar; Diacycline; Dumocyclin; Mephiacyclin; Partrex; Quadracycline; Quatrex; Remicyclin; Ricycline; Ro-cycline; Stilciclina; Subamycin; Supramycin; Sustamycin; Tefilin; Teline; Telotrex; Tetrabakat; Tetrabid; Tetrablet; Tetrachel; Tetracompren; Tetra-D; Tetrakap; Tetralution; Tetramavan, Tetramycin; Tetrasol; Tetra-wedel; Topicycline; Totomycin; Triphamycin; Unicin; Unimycin; Vetouamycin-324. Tetracycline hydrochloride is a yellow, odourless, hygroscopic, crystalline, amphoteric powder. It darkens in moist air when exposed to strong sunlight. It is soluble in water (1 in 1O), alcohol (1 in 100), aqueous alkali hydroxides and garbonate solutions; insoluble in acetone, chloroform and ether Aqueous solutions become turbid on standing due to hydrolysis and precipitation of tetracycline. The potency of tetracycline hydrochloride is reduced in solutions having a pH...

TESTOSTERONE Brand Names : Geno-cristaux Gremy; Malestrone (amps); Orquisteron; Percutacrine Androgenique; Virosterone; Virormone; Testryll; Testrone; Homosteron; Oreton-F; Teslen; Primotest; Primoteston; Sustanon; Mertestate; Testobase. Testosterone is the principal androgenic hormone of the testes, produced by the interstitial cells. It is isolated in minute amounts from testes, especially bull testes. About 90 to270 mg are present in a ton of testes. It controls the development and maintenance of the male sex organs and male sex characters. There is no natural source rich enough from which testosterone can be prepared. However, it is synthesized on commercial scale from the androgenic excretory products found in stallion urine, cholesterol and sapogenins such as diosgenin and sarsasapogenin. The important intermediate dehydroandrosterone is efficiently transformed into testosterone by a microbial process. Testosterone is only weakly active orally. Testosterone propionate...

TERBUTALINE SULPHATE Brand Names: KWD-2019; Bricanyl; Brethine; Filair; Terbasmin Terbutaline, m.p. 119-1229, is a crystalline compound. Terbutaline sulphate, m.p. 246-248°, is a white to greyish-white, odourless  crystalline powder; soluble in water (1 in 4); slightly soluble in alcohol and methanol; practically insoluble in chloroform and ether; stored at 15* to 30° in well-closed containers and protected from light. Uses: Terbutaline sulphate is a sympathomimetic agent with actions and used as a bronchodialator and prevention of premture labour as the base in aerosol inhaelers .